John F. Kennedy Assassination - 1901 Words

â€Å"On November 22,1963, America’s 35th president, John F. Kennedy, was assassinated in Dallas, Texas. Kennedy was 46 when he was shot while traveling in a convertible limousine as it passed the Texas School Book Depository Building in downtown Dallas roughly around 12:30 p.m. The limousine was also carrying the first lady Jacqueline Kennedy, Texas Governor John Connally and his wife Nellie; the governor also was shot and seriously wounded. Kennedy was pronounced dead 30 minutes later at Dallas’ Parkland Hospital†(John F. Kennedy Assassinated). Two official government investigations with two different sets of conclusions have been done: the Warren Commission and HSCA, 1978. A week after Kennedy’s death his successor, â€Å"Lyndon B Johnson, established a commission to investigate his death† (Warren Commission). After nearly a yearlong investigation, the commission concluded that alleged gunman â€Å"Lee Harvey Oswald had acted alone in assassinat ing the president, and that there was no conspiracy, either domestic or international, involved†(Warren Commission). Despite its seemingly firm conclusions, the report proved controversial and failed to silence conspiracy theories surrounding the event. The HSCA agreed with the finding that Oswald had fired the gun, however, that it was â€Å"highly possible that there was a second gunman†(Summary of Findings). Less than an hour after Kennedy was shot, Oswald, who was a â€Å"former Marine and had recently started working at the Texas School BookShow MoreRelatedThe Assassination Of John F. Kennedy982 Words   |  4 Pages O’Reilly and Dugard’s book, Killing Kennedy, is about the events leading to President John F. Kennedy being shot, as well as what happened after the assassination. This book also describes the rise and fall of John F. Kennedy. The authors also wrote about the Cold War, Kennedy dealing with communism, and threats of crime. January of 1961, the cold war was growing stronger and Kennedy was struggling with communism. During all of this happening, he was learning what it meant to be a president. HeRead MoreThe Assassination Of John F. Kennedy1620 Words   |  7 Pages Ever since the assassination of John F. Kennedy in 1963, there has been controversy over whether the true gunman was held accountable. The United States Government claimed that it was an easy, open and closed case. They found Lee Harvey Oswald, close to ground zero, with a freshly fired riffle, immediately after JFK was shot. Contrary to the governments report, skeptics argue a vast scope of conspiracies to shed light on what they believe happened that day; ideas ranging from magic bullets, multipleRead MoreThe Kennedy Assassinations By John F. Kennedy Essay1486 Words   |  6 Pages Decades later, the Kennedy assassinations and surrounding mysteries continue holding public interest. Although their notoriety as charismatic leaders is a significant contribution, other factors regarding societal psychology deserve consideration whilst exploring this phenomenon. With these events occurring during a time that allows living witnesses, modern accessible evidence, various media covera ge, and visible modern impact, the mysterious Kennedy assassinations have the capacity to encourageRead MoreJohn F. Kennedy Assassination1618 Words   |  7 PagesJohn F. Kennedy Assassination Was John F. Kennedy’s assassination a single shooter or was it a conspiracy? Since November 22, 1963 people around the world have wondered who it was that shot President Kennedy, and what for. So many questions have formed around this event, not just about who the shooter was, but also questions like what might the world have been like today if the shooting didn’t happen? The Kennedy assassination has been a mystery for many years. A lot of people hear about the differentRead MoreAssassination Of John F. Kennedy1002 Words   |  5 PagesThe Assassination of John F. Kennedy â€Å"Our most basic common link is that we all inhabit this planet. We all breathe the same air. We all cherish our children’s future. And we are all mortal.† President Kennedy stated in his commencement speech at American University on June 10, 1963. John F. Kennedy was an American politician who served as the 35th President of the United States from January 1961 to his assassination in November 1963. There are numerous conspiracy theories involving Kennedy’s assassinationRead MoreAssassination of John F. Kennedy931 Words   |  4 PagesThe John F. Kennedy assassination is believed to be one of the most controversial and debated topics in American History. JFK was one of the most beloved presidents of our time. Other assassinations of presidents didn’t have as many Conspiracy theories compared to the JFK assassination on November 22nd, 1963. Some of the theories include a Government cover-up, Mafia influence, and Cuban President Fidel Castro (Stern). T he assassination of John F. Kennedy in Dallas, Texas, raised many questions thatRead MoreThe Assassination Of John F. Kennedy1500 Words   |  6 PagesOn November 23, 1963, three shots were fired at President John F. Kennedy’s limousine in Dallas, Texas. The first shot went through the president’s neck, the second was the fatal shot that would ultimately end Kennedy’s life. There is a lot of speculation about what really took place in the assassination of John F. Kennedy. Many people believe that Lee Harvey Oswald worked alone, but there are many people across the nation who think differently. Many theories can both support and disprove that LeeRead MoreThe Assassination Of John F. Kennedy1626 Words   |  7 PagesThe Assassination of John F. Kennedy John F. Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States, was assassinated on November 22, 1963 at 12:30 p.m Central Standard Time in Dallas, Texas while riding in a motorcade in Dealey Plaza.[1] Kennedy was fatally shot by Lee Harvey Oswald while he was riding with his wife, Jacqueline, Texas Governor John Connally, and Connally s wife, Nellie, in a presidential motorcade. A ten-month investigation by the Warren Commission from November 1963 to September 1964Read MoreThe Assassination Of John F. Kennedy Essay967 Words   |  4 PagesThe book I chose to read is The Assassination of John F. Kennedy by Lauren Spencer. It was published in 2002 by The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. It contains 64 pages. This book not only provides information on the killing of President Kennedy, but also information on his life, the arrested murderer s life, and more interesting background information and details. This books main objective is to go deeper into the case of John F. Kennedy s assassination, to discuss personal information about suspectsRead MoreAssassination of John F Kennedy1119 Words   |  5 Pagessixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository Building. However, did Lee Harvey Oswald, a crazy lunatic act alone in the assassination of President Kennedy. Both first – hand knowledge and visual evidence allows people to re – examine the events of this day and prove that there were other gunmen involved in the bombardment of our youngest elected president. John F. Kennedy was depicted as a nationwide hero to many Catholics living in the U.S. during the early 1960’s. He was idolized by several

Illicit Drug Trafficking An Organized Crime - 1481 Words

The purpose of this paper was to gather research of the topic called illicit drug trafficking. It explores 10 online research articles and websites that relate to illicit drug trafficking. These articles however, vary in their research about the topic. It begins by stating how illicit drug trafficking is considered an organized crime. Two of the main drugs that are trafficked are cocaine and heroin. As a result of drug trafficking, the war on drugs has been a problem for many decades in different countries. Introduction An organized crime group is defined as three or more persons with the intention of committing one or more serious crimes for financial gain (Pietschmann Walker, 2011). This group has to exist for a certain period of time and be structured, which means not randomly formed for a direct offense (Pietschmann Walker, 2011). If the crime is committed in more than one State, and has substantial effects, then it is considered an organized crime (Petschmann Walker, 2011). Some of the main transnational organized crime includes trafficking of illicit drugs such as cocaine and heroin (Pietschmann Walker, 2011). Drug trafficking forms the largest income for transnationally operating crime groups worldwide (Petschmann Walker, 2011). The cocaine and heroin market play a key role in the transnational drug trafficking trade of today (Petschmann Walker, 2011). Brief History of Illicit Drug Trafficking Illicit trafficking is not a crime thatShow MoreRelated Illicit Trade and Drug Trafficking Proving to be a Major Problem1291 Words   |  6 Pages Illicit Trade and Drug Trafficking Proving to be a Major Problem Drug trafficking and illicit trade have proven to be major problems that the international community face as it enters into the twenty-first century. Currently the illegal drug trade market is one of the largest sectors of the modern global economy. Because of this fact, the drug trade is deeply rooted in many nations economic and social cultures, which makes it very difficult to control. Drug trafficking also brings with it theRead MoreThere Is No One Common Definition For Organized Crime,1214 Words   |  5 Pagesdefinition for organized crime, after extensive research criminologists seem to describe organized crime as, a criminal conspiracy of several persons motivated for economic enrichment. On the other hand, the FBI defines organized crime as, any group having some formalized structure and whose primary objective is to obtain through illegal activities.† Organized crime branches out into various criminal activities, such as cybercrime, money laundering, counterfeiting , illicit drug trafficking, and humanRead MoreNational Intelligence Analysis1531 Words   |  7 Pageseven though heroin is allegedly one of the least commonly used illicit drugs in Canada (NIA et al., 2010). Asian, Latin American, and West African organized crime groups, functioning in Canada as well as in foreign countries, remained to be participants in smuggling and transporting heroin in Canada (NIA et al., 2010). That is not to say that Canadian organized crime groups were not participants in the heroin market; Canadian organized crime groups took part in the heroin trade as well (NIA et al., 2010)Read MoreThe Peoples Republic of Bangedesh is Combatting Drug Trafficking863 Words   |  4 PagesPeople’s Republic of Bangladesh adheres to the international effort in combating the illicit trade of drugs through multiple United Nations treaties such as the 1961 First Convention on Narcotic Drugs, the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances, and the 1988 Convention again st the Illicit Trade in Narcotics Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. Bangladesh stresses the need of addressing the illicit trade of drugs within the respective borders of Member States alongside an active participation ofRead MoreThe Trafficking Of Smuggling Drugs1246 Words   |  5 PagesSmuggling Drugs in Airports Over the recent past, there has been major growth in illegal trafficking of humans, firearms and most importantly drugs (UN, 2012). These kinds of trafficking are characterized by greater organisation levels. They are also denoted by the presence of criminal groups and chains. Though these activities are not new, both the geographic area and scale of the present problem is unprecedented. The value of illegal trade in 2009 throughout the world was about $1.3 trillion (JennerRead More Reducing Drug Trafficking in The United States Essay952 Words   |  4 PagesThe drug problem in the U.S. and around the world is an important issue and seems to be a difficult problem to tackle across the board. The inflow of drugs has become one of the largest growths in transnational crime operations; illicit drug use in the United States makes it very difficult for nation states police and customs forces to get a handle on the issues. War on drugs, drug trafficking has long been an issue for the Uni ted States. There has been a proclamation of â€Å"war on drugs† for the pastRead MoreHuman Trafficking- The Escalating Global Violation of Human Rights1355 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Trafficking- The Escalating Global Violation of Human Rights Human Trafficking is a serious Global matter that violates a multitude of the Human Rights articles outline in The Universal Declarations of Human Rights. Thousands of individuals are subjects of Human Trafficking every year; the perpetrators of this crime do not discriminate, targeting men, women, the young and the old all over the world. Human Trafficking is indeed a Global issue, occurring in nearly every country on the planetRead MoreDrug Trafficking877 Words   |  4 PagesDrug Trafficking in the United States Americans like to hide thoughts of the bad in society, one of these thoughts often hid or forget about is drug trafficking. Drug trafficking effects everyone from the one-percent down to the people of poverty. Billions of dollars of drugs are bought and sold, with billions more being spent to fight the trafficking of illicit drugs in the United State. With all the money spent to prevent drug trafficking Americans need to understand the harmful effects. Drug TraffickingRead MoreThe United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Is Combating Drugs, Terrorism, and Criminal Activity529 Words   |  3 PagesThe United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) is the unit of the United Nations (UN) charged with combating illicit drugs, terrorism, and other criminal activity. It is headquartered in Vienna, Austria, and has twenty-one field offices and a liaison office in New York. The agency has approximately 500 members across the globe who develop and enforce drug control policies that are res ponsive to their individual needs. The UNODC’s work program consists of three major pillars. The first of theseRead MoreImpacts of the Mafia735 Words   |  3 Pagesthe culture and economy of the cities in which it frequents. Peter Maas declares organized crime the â€Å"biggest business in the country† (Maas). â€Å"The largest and best known organized crime group is the nationwide organization variously known as the ‘syndicate’, the ‘mob’, the ‘Mafia’, and the ‘Cosa Nostra’† (Nash, Jason O-155). Some activities of the Mafia include gambling, loan sharking, pornography, illicit drugs, and racketeering. The Mafia began in Sicily, but did not retain to just that one

Introduction to Criminology and Criminal Justice for Health Canada

Question: Discuss about theIntroduction to Criminology and Criminal Justice for Health Canada. Answer: The Legalization of Marijuana in Canada Canada is a country where recently marihuana or marijuana has been legalized for the medical purposes under the access to Cannabis for Medical Purposes Regulation Act, which has been issued by Health Canada. The marijuana has collected by the cultivation of the hemp plant of the genus Cannabis where the scenes grains and fiber production only used under a license by the health Canada (Hajizadeh, 2016). The government has Canadian federal election 2015 has started a campaign with the people who want to legalize the Cannabis for personal use but majority of the government has voted against the personal consumption according to the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act but it has been legalize for the medicinal purposes under some licensed permission (Rehm, Crpault Fischer, 2017). The new law also enacted the rules for it provides punishment for the people who convicted of supplying cannabis to minors and impairment while driving motorcycle. However, the official date has been published which is 1st July 2018 from when the legalization of marijuana will be applicable in the all over the country. The act has provided the rules which has power to determine the method of distribution and sale of legal Cannabis use along with the excise tax while distributing the Cannabis. In the past history of Canada, the Cannabis use is illegal due to various criminal charges against middle class citizens about using the Cannabis as drugs but later The cannabis is distributing for the medicinal purposes which has make the legalization of the use of marijuana (Hajizadeh, 2016). Though it has the legalization in the country it has several effects in human body and it must not used by the young people (Rehm, Crpault Fischer, 2017). The marijuana is a form of toxic which affect our neurons and regular use of such drugs can change the developing the brains framework. It was not completely harmless and has negative effects in our body. Therefore the Canadian Medical Association has set a limit where they have suggested that the human brain continues to mature until is 25, therefore a person should have completed the age of 21 to use marijuana. Most of the cases the young person becomes attracted by such drugs. The country people also have fear that legalization of marijuana can increases impaired driving from using marijuana along with the alcohol (Lake Kerr, 2017). Marijuana is also known as pot, weed and grass, which are mainly, found from the plant Cannabis sativa and it grows naturally in many countries. Marijuana is using for medicinal purposes from thousands of years and it remains illegal to grow, use and causes in most of the countries including Canada. However, in a recent report has found that in Canada the populations, which aged 15 to 24 years, are reporting to use marijuana more in Canada where males are mostly like to use the Cannabis rather than females (Rehm, Crpault Fischer, 2017). Therefore the current system in Canada has raises several issues of legalizing and the criminalizing of marijuana. It has affected the political, economic growth. The decriminalization of marijuana is still illegal to use and recognize as a criminal offence but when it will be legalized that means the adults will have rights to use and sale marijuana like tobacco and alcohol (Volkow, et al., 2014). Sometimes the illegal sales also took place. This pr ocess may increases the crime by the youth of the country or they may face dangers for the possibility of overdose risk of tragic intoxicated behavior and risk of addiction. It is important for the Canadian government that they must be strict while providing license to the people who are selling and using the marijuana for the medicinal purposes (Hajizadeh, 2016). The legalization of marijuana in Canada has increased tax revenue, which has been a great economy for Canada government. Therefore the government can collect a huge amount of taxes of legalize drugs (Lake Kerr, 2017). There is a high demand for marijuana due to the legalization of Canada and in the free market price; the marijuana is estimated to be low without taxation (Rehm, Crpault Fischer, 2017). Therefore, the government can impose higher taxes on these drugs for maintaining the price at a competitive level with other intoxicated products like alcohol and tobacco (Volkow, et al., 2014). However, the Canadian government can collect a huge amount of tax for the product but it also increases the black market of marijuana in Canada rather than alcohol and tobacco. In a recent report, it has found that Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce world markets has estimated that it could create a 10 million dollar per year in industry and the Canadian Government and collect 50% or more than $10 million as the drug taxes for the legalization of marijuana. Therefore, it would help to generate some other job opportunities for individuals who are connected with educational sessions and Health Promotion initiative to promote safe use of the drugs. Therefore, the legalization of marijuana can lead to a substantial savings in drug incarceration and enforcement cost in Canada (Rehm, Crpault Fischer, 2017). According to the social impacts due to the high demand of marijuana in Canada can help to expansion on the black market where the illegal drug dealers can sell the marijuana without any accountability (Hajizadeh, 2016). When the legalization of marijuana has established in Canada it helps to reduce the cost and the economical growth in the black market share. It has related with the illegal drug dealers and other relative criminal activities. When the illegal drug dealers sale and use in Canadian black market, it increases the criminal offences. Due to the use of marijuana the social problem will be increases and the marijuana will effect as unsafe products in the environment and the illegal distribution of such drug only being level for such criminal activities. Therefore, for the youth in the Canada the illegal market of marijuana is highly risk and dangerous issues (Lake Kerr, 2017). The use of marijuana has dangerous impacts in the human body. Regular use of such toxicities can affect human brain but along with the bad effects. Marijuana is used for medicinal purposes (Hajizadeh, 2016). It has various benefits as if the use of marijuana can lower the risk in neuropathic pain, inflammatory bowel diseases, and helps to manage symptoms of chemotherapy and treatment resident epilepsy in children. The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Organisation has recently published a report where they mentioned about the healthy benefits of the use of marijuana along with the risks, which are decreasing the brain development among youth. The progression to use of other illicit Drugs depression or anxiety, injury, risk of death from motor vehicle collision, symptoms of chronic bronchitis, schizophrenia and addiction problem (Rehm, Crpault Fischer, 2017). The casual effects of regular use of marijuana can become the reason of disorders, schizophrenia, lung cancer and traffic injuries. There are several disabilities has also found due to the regular use of marijuana where the highest rated of risk in the motor vehicle accidents which is most common side effects income order along with other countries (Volkow, et al., 2014). The legalization of marijuana can helpful and benefited for the government to collect highest paid of taxes. It also helps to government to develop in the country. However, due to the legalizati1on of such toxicities product also increases criminal activities in all over the country. The illegal market of drugs has already increasing in Canada and after the legalization of marijuana (Lake Kerr, 2017); it increases the high rated criminal offence for the society. Canada government should prepare some appropriate rules and policies to keep the drug out of the hands of the minors. They must increase awareness and knowledge on harmful effects of the drug and to prevent impair driving and collision between the motor and vehicles. the Canada is not only the first country who attempts to in provision of marijuana but the Portugal, Uruguay and United States have also realize the use of marijuana where they also applied several provision policies and strategic models for the legalization of marijuana (Volkow, et al., 2014). However, several States have legalized the use it helps Canada to found new laws and rules to prevent such criminal offences and other harmful effects (Rehm, Crpault Fischer, 2017). However, the legalization of marijuana is one of the unique opportunities to know about the effect of legalizing marijuana on the national scale (Lake Kerr, 2017). Reference Ammerman, S., Ryan, S., Adelman, W. P., Committee on Substance Abuse. (2015). The impact of marijuana policies on youth: clinical, research, and legal update. Pediatrics, 135(3), e769-e785. Haines-Saah, R. J., Johnson, J. L., Repta, R., Ostry, A., Young, M. L., Shoveller, J., ... Ratner, P. A. (2014). The privileged normalization of marijuana usean analysis of Canadian newspaper reporting, 19972007. Critical public health, 24(1), 47-61. Hajizadeh, M. (2016). Legalizing and regulating marijuana in Canada: review of potential economic, social, and health impacts. International journal of health policy and management, 5(8), 453. Lake, S., Kerr, T. (2017). The Challenges of Projecting the Public Health Impacts of Marijuana Legalization in Canada: Comment on" Legalizing and Regulating Marijuana in Canada: Review of Potential Economic, Social, and Health Impacts". International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 6(5), 285. MacKay, R., Phillips, K. (2016). The legal regulation of marijuana in Canada and selected other countries. Library of Parliament= Bibliothque du Parlement. Minaker, L. M., Bonham, A., Elton-Marshall, T., Leos-Toro, C., Wild, T. C., Hammond, D. (2017). Under the influence: examination of prevalence and correlates of alcohol and marijuana consumption in relation to youth driving and passenger behaviours in Canada. A cross-sectional study. CMAJ open, 5(2), E386-E394. Rehm, J., Crpault, J. F., Fischer, B. (2017). The Devil Is in the Details! On Regulating Cannabis Use in Canada Based on Public Health Criteria: Comment on" Legalizing and Regulating Marijuana in Canada: Review of Potential Economic, Social, and Health Impacts". International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 6(3), 173. Volkow, N. D., Baler, R. D., Compton, W. M., Weiss, S. R. (2014). Adverse health effects of marijuana use. New England Journal of Medicine, 370(23), 2219-2227.

Interior Plants Density

Introduction There are varieties of codes regulating the design and construction of buildings and building interiors. There are also a number of standards and federal laws that regulate buildings and construction industry.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Interior Plants Density specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The regulations require the designer to comply with the standards set by referring to guidelines for Indoor Environmental Quality in the new International Green Construction Code. Interior designers are responsible for determining the locations where live plants can occupy in a building (Harmon, Sharon and Kennon 305). This essay argues in support of the proposed Interior Plants Density regulations. Definition of requirements Designers, building constructors and building occupants have realized the aesthetics and risks associated with the interior living plants. The proposal defines the areas where an inter ior living plant can be incorporated as regularly occupied spaces with distinct measures. The project elective clarifies the proposed changes and improves the practicality in implementation. The proposal clarifies issues concerning occupancy, provide consistence definition of terms, and sticks to the relevant scopes of the proposal by deleting terms referring to outdoor assemblies. The proposal defines the unit value for planting bed. Though, the value remains constant it does modify the density requirements. The proposal recognizes the fact that distribution requirements of plants may be inappropriate in some cases e.g. in movie theaters. It is flexible enough to allow changes in location of plants where appropriate, without changing the overall density requirements. The proposal clarifies that the plant expose to the soil surface determines it size. The proposed interior plants project elective provides exceptions depending on the nature and use of the building. The proposal exemp ts buildings where interior plants present hazards, interfere with indoor air management, and present unique hazards to building processes and occupants. Such buildings include hospitals, industries, and laboratories among others. Such cases might be determined by the code official. The ultimate benefit is that the proposed changes will not increase the cost of construction. Individual and public involvement Most organizations have their own procedures for changing and updating the requirements in their publications. The proposed changes in interior plants density used a consensus method to revise the publication. Individuals were able to identify discrepancies in the proposed changes. For instance, inspection and issuing of certificate of occupancy, verification after the plants are in place may result into enforcement dilemma. The enforcing authority may not have a regulatory mechanism to ensure compliance.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can h elp you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The public proponents ensured consistency with definitions and content of the proposal. For instance, the changing of the definition of â€Å"occupied floor area† to â€Å"net floor area† provided consistency of terms between the International Building Code and the International Green Construction Code in relations to determining the floor area. In this provision, net floor area means the actual occupied area with exclusion of unoccupied areas such as toilet rooms, corridors, stairway, closets, and mechanical areas. Most respondents shared similar sentiments to show that the proposed interior plant density presented similar concerns. The involvements of individuals and the public provided forums to ensure that there were adequate representations for all types of occupancies and building types. It is also necessary to note that the jurisdiction choose what regulations or part of the publication to adopt. Jur isdictions have the authority to make various changes and amendments that can either add or delete parts of the code. It is essential to keep the public aware of which codes the officials are enforcing so as to ensure compliance. Works Cited Harmon, Sharon and Kennon, Katherine. The Codes Guidebook for Interiors, 4th Edition. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons, 2008. Print. This essay on Interior Plants Density was written and submitted by user Malaki Daniel to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Serial Killers Essays - Murder, Psychopathy, Crime, Serial Killer

Serial Killers ?I didn't want to hurt them, I only wanted to kill them.? This is a quote from David Berkowitz, A.K.A., the Son of Sam. David Berkowitz and all of the other serial killers tend to think in unique ways. This paper will talk to you about characteristics, motives, different phases, and the correlation between behavior and aggression. Serial killers like everyone else have certain characteristics that set them apart. To be considered a bonafied serial killer you must murder at least three to four people with a cooling off period between each murder. These killings are usually one on one and are repetitive, occurring with greater or lesser frequency over time (?Characteristics of Serial Murder?). Serial killers usually don't have a connection with the victim and they very rarely if ever have a rational motive. The serial killer likes to murder people in the same pattern, usually with a high degree of overkill. This degree of overkill sets them a part from different serial killers. Serial murderers also have different motives for their murders. One of the most obvious is that they turn to murdering for a sense of power (Forwood). For this sense of power they usually attack societies weakest members and those weaker than themselves (Forwood). This includes the homeless, impaired, and usually the young of both sexes. When they kill the homeless and impaired they are usually acting on the Missionary Motive. This is when they feel that it is their responsibility to rid society of its unwanted inhabitants. There are also Visionary killers which are usually instructed to kill by the voices that are in their head (schizophrenia). The last type of these motives is the Hedonist. They kill because it brings them the pleasure to do so. This group is separated into three sub-categories which are lust killers, thrill killers and gain killers. Lust killers kill for sexual pleasure. They are usually sexually underdeveloped and they kill for sexual gratification. Thrill killers kill people because it brings them a rush. These types of hedonists usually kill a lot more because they are addicted to this rush. Gain killers always kill people for some type of gain. This is usually money but it can also be something like a job promotion. Another point of a Serial Killer is that their mind is constantly going through one of their seven phases. The first of these phases is the Aura Phase. This is the part where the killer daydreams about death and destruction. After awhile these demented fantasies usually have the urge to be acted upon. This leads into the second stage which is the Trolling Phase. In the Trolling Phase the serial killer tries to find the perfect victim for their needs. They usually tend to look in school yards or lovers lanes or even red light districts. This might go on for hours days and sometimes even months, until the perfect victim will be found . This will begin the Wooing Phase. Serial killers usually act very debonair to get their victims to trust them. After the Wooing Stage comes the Capture Stage. This is where the killer reveals what he is. He may draw you into his car where there's no door handle for you to get out. This is disturbingly fun for them and is included in their sick sadistic game. Then comes the climax, the Murder Stage. They may just decide to kill you, but sometimes, they will decide to torture you to death, try to revive you on the brink of death to torture you more (Scott). The sixth stage is the Totem Stage. This phase is where the killer will take a memoir of you. It might include your jewelry or clothes or even a piece of your body. After this, comes the seventh and final phase which is Depression. There is great emotional let down for the killer. They may even become so depressed as to attempt suicide. But sooner or later they will start day dreaming more and this whole cycle will keep repeating itself until the killer is either caught or dies (?Characteristics of Serial Murder?). There is also some correlation between behavior and aggression in serial killers. This means that as a child, serial killers experience the same childhood difficulties. Nearly all serial killers have gone through one of the ?Terrible Triad?. The Terrible Triad includes bedwetting, sadistic abuse of animals and pyromania. Many serial killers as

Significance of the Copernican Principle

Significance of the Copernican Principle The Copernican principle (in its classical form) is the principle that the Earth does not rest in a privileged or special physical position in the universe. Specifically, it derives from the claim of Nicolaus Copernicus that the Earth was not stationary, when he proposed the heliocentric model of the solar system. This had such significant implications that Copernicus himself delayed publishing the results until the end of his life, out of fear of the sort of religious backlash suffered by Galileo Galilei. Significance of the Copernican Principle This may not sound like a particularly important principle, but its actually vital to the history of science, because it represents a fundamental philosophical change in how intellectuals dealt with humanitys role in the universe ... at least in scientific terms. What this basically means is that in science, you shouldnt assume that humans have a fundamentally privileged position within the universe. For example, in astronomy this generally means that all large regions of the universe should be pretty much identical to each others. (Obviously, there are some local differences, but these are just statistical variations, not fundamental differences in what the universe is like in those different places.) However, this principle has been expanded over the years into other areas. Biology has adopted a similar viewpoint, now recognizing that the physical processes which control (and formed) humanity must be basically identical to those that are at work in all other known lifeforms. This gradual transformation of the Copernican principle is well presented in this quote from The Grand Design by Stephen Hawking Leonard Mlodinow: Nicolaus Copernicus heliocentric model of the solar system is acknowledged as the first convincing scientific demonstration that we humans are not the focal point of the cosmos.... We now realize that Copernicus result is but one of a series of nested demotions overthrowing long-held assumptions regarding humanitys special status: were not located at the center of the solar system, were not located at the center of the galaxy, were not located at the center of the universe, were not even made of the dark ingredients constituting the vast majority of the universes mass. Such cosmic downgrading [...] exemplifies what scientists now call the Copernican principle: in the grand scheme of things, everything we know points toward human beings not occupying a privileged position. Copernican Principle versus Anthropic Principle In recent years, a new way of thinking has begun to question the central role of the Copernican principle. This approach, known as the anthropic principle, suggests that maybe we shouldnt be so hasty to demote ourselves. According to it, we should take into account the fact that we exist and that the laws of nature in our universe (or our portion of the universe, at least) have to be consistent with our own existence. At its core, this isnt fundamentally at odds with the Copernican principle. The anthropic principle, as generally interpreted, is more about a selection effect based on the fact that we do happen to exist, rather than a statement about our fundamental significance to the universe. (For that, see the participatory anthropic principle, or PAP.) The degree to which the anthropic principle is useful or necessary in physics is a hotly debated topic, particularly as it relates to the notion of a supposed fine-tuning problem within the physical parameters of the universe.

Poverty across cultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Poverty across cultures - Essay Example The monitory need for the basic needs is what falls under the group. Bodily poverty refers to lack of physical health and access to health living condition. Mental poverty is the lack of thinking which affects the access to education and knowledge (Ravallion 368). Cultural poverty refers to the lack of coming together in a society leading to a disconnect between individuals in the society. Political poverty refers to the inability to understand the difference and how political systems work leading to neglect of rights such as the right to vote. The above descriptions illustrate the diverse understanding of poverty in the society (Ravallion 368). Despite the differences, all the definitions refer to lack of access to something that may make life better or easier. Poverty has been used in the society to define the inability to meet basic needs of the society with its effect being adverse in the society. Poverty affects the society at both individual and society levels. The inability to meet the basic needs may force individuals to turn to criminal activities, which in turn create insecurity which becomes as a social problem. Poverty and relationship development Poverty affects mental development, which in turn affects development and relationships. Many believe that poverty is all about money, but the thought is wrong because poverty is complex and covers a myriad of issues that affect personality and in turn affect the society. Under mental reasoning, poverty is defined as a chronic mind/body condition influenced and propagated by negative thinking. The situation is made worse if the situation involves other types of poverty affecting other spheres of health. Children brought up in poverty stricken family exhibit different character because of their brain adapt the suboptimal conditions. However, the brain changes every day allowing children from poverty stricken families succeed in life. From research carried out by Jerry, the cognitive development of children is affected by poverty. Children from poverty develop impaired exposure to critical enrichment factors. The situation is same in adulthood as witnessed in the story narrated by Gorge Orwell in the Down and out from Paris to London. The main character in the story argues that why should one waste sleep because of the murder? (Orwell 67). The statement illustrates the lack of societal values in the society. The main focus of the whole incident is on how sleep is valuable than the murder witnessed. Such reasoning indicates the effect of poverty in the development of values in life. Amazing comment of the narrator is on being back to sleep within three minutes. The generalization to justify the action by stating that they are working people, and there is no need to waste sleep on such issue is a consolation argument. The development of relationship with the society is evident by how the narrator reacts on the witnessed murder case (Orwell 234). Poverty affects the values of the individu al by influencing the values esteemed. These values affect personal relationship development. According to Jerry, parent from poverty use different vocabulary every day, but the number and complexity of the vocabulary used are few and less complicated compared to families with greater income. The success of the argument can be supported by the level of vocabulary used by the narrator in describing situations encountered in life. The effect of pover

Is Citizenship in Australia Simply an Individual's Legal Status Essay

Is Citizenship in Australia Simply an Individual's Legal Status - Essay Example The study will examine the benefits and awards that accompany being an outstanding Australian citizen. Precisely, the study seeks to explore the fact that citizenship is not just a legal status since there is more to it. Citizenship in Australia can be regarded as a legal status in a number of ways. Australian citizenship came into being 26 January 1949 under the Nationality and Citizenship Act of 1948. Before the act, Australian citizens used to be British subjects; they shared a nationality code similar to that in Britain. One of the ways through which a person can become an Australian citizen includes citizenship by birth. In this case, a person becomes an Australian citizen if born before 20 August 1986 or when a person was born after that date, but one of the parents held Australian citizenship (Davis, 1996, p. 76). Legally, a person can also be considered an Australian citizen if born overseas and one of the parents held citizenship of Australia at the time of birth. Moreover, people are eligible to become Australian citizens if they were British subjects residing in Australia for 5years before 26 January 1949. Apart from the fact that Citizenship in Australia is a legal status, it can also be considered a privilege which offers numerous rewards. ... The Young Achievers Award has some objectives which include acknowledging and highlighting the achievements of young persons in Australia. The award also strives to use examples of youth achievement with the ultimate aim of educating the general public. Moreover, the award aims at motivating and encouraging young Australians at all levels in their respective fields (Maton, 1995, p. 41). In a way, the Young Achievers Award helps the young citizens to develop some pride in being citizens of Australia. As a result of the award, Young Australians have the opportunity to build self-confidence, since the rewards enhance excellence. Young citizens receive this award as a way of providing mentors and role models for youth by noticing the pursuit of excellence and the achievements of young people. Moreover, the Young Australians Award has an objective of priding good citizens by encouraging and developing life skills and leadership skills among the youth (Dutton, 2002, p. 17). Another popular award given to Australian citizens includes the Regional Achievements and Community Awards. The award is common in areas of Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland, and Western Australia. Citizens in these regions seek this award with a lot of determination. The award aims at encouraging and paying tribute to individuals, groups, businesses, and communities who make significant contributions to the rural and regional areas. Therefore, the award aims at encouraging those people working in rural areas with an aim of enhancing and supporting commercial, economic, social, and environmental prosperity. This award plays a significant role in recognizing citizens who work extremely hard to develop their respective fields and the

Summary of a reading Outline Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summary of a reading - Outline Example e1930s, the scars of World War II, and presence of unscrupulous players in the market coupled with legal restrictions kept the general public away from the stock market in the 1950s. A.D.Roy’s paper titled â€Å"Safety First and the Holding of Assets† published three months after Markowitz’s paper appeared in the Journal of Finance, discussed the same lines of arguments, but did not evoke any response. After earning his undergraduate degree in economics, Markowitz continued his graduate work while serving as a Research Associate at the Cowles Commission. He chose stock market as the subject of his doctoral dissertation in consultation with Jacob Marschak (director of Cowles Commission) and Marshall Ketchum (Dean of the Graduate School of Business). The Theory of Investment Value by John Burr Williams fascinated him, but it struck him that people should consider risk as well as return while making investment decisions. So he applied Tjalling Koopmans’ (Prof. of Economics at Chicago University) linear programming technique for solving problems of resource allocation under constraints, to analyze the choices facing an investor who must decide between seeking high returns and attempting to hold down risk at the same time. Diversification protects the investor from losing everything in one swoop. At the same time it reduces the opportunity of earning high returns by concentrating investment in one stock which appears to be the best. Markowitz followed the idea of the tension between risk and return and between diversification and concentration down two separate tracks. The first track, the subject of his 1952 article, tells the investor how to apply the trade off between risk and reward in selecting a portfolio, by applying Koopmans’ linear programming. The second track tells how each investor should go about selecting the single portfolio that most closely conforms to the investor’s goals. This aspect is treated at length in Markowitz’s book, Portfolio

Advantages Of Aluminium As A Shipbuilding Material Engineering Essay

Advantages Of Aluminium As A Shipbuilding Material Engineering Essay The use of aluminium in any vessel involves a radical set of production methods compared to traditional shipbuilding processes. Hence, the methods used for the construction of aluminium vessels are an important factor in the feasibility study. The welding of aluminium is susceptible to hot cracking and can only be done using certain processes. It is important to employ the correct welding methods to serve different purposes. As aluminium technology matures over the years, new production methods such as aluminium extrusions were introduced in a bid to save time and which has also proven to be economical. The use of aluminium in naval shipbuilding exists in two forms; first there is the aluminium-steel ship, where in the case, the superstructure is made from aluminium intended for topside weight saving, and the hull made from steel. Then there is the all-aluminium ship, with the purpose of achieving a considerable overall reduction in weight. It is important to understand that though both forms have their advantages, there are design issues that must be addressed related to the use of aluminium in naval vessel. Background 1.2.1 Advantages of aluminium as a shipbuilding material Aluminiums most important characteristic is its light weight. When coupled with a reasonable tensile strength, it has grown to become the choice of material for many naval ships in the world. In a research by Wade (1996), when it comes to naval shipbuilding, mission capability is the most heavily evaluated criteria of the program. Speed is an increasingly important parameter under mission capability due to the shift in the maritime strategy of the worlds navies from blue-water operations that include traditional Anti-Submarine Warfare, Anti-Air Warfare and Surface Action to littoral operations focusing on surveillance, mine-clearing, counter-terrorism and support for landing operations. Ship Structure Committee (2012) suggests that there are many design parameters that can be optimized for a better performance, where structural weight is one such parameter that gives the most out of cost efficiency. According to Lamb and Beavers (2010), a decrease in weight relates directly to the reduction in material costs and operating costs throughout the service life while reduction in the power demand gives a higher fuel efficiency, higher speed, longer range and additional tonnage capacity. Also, aluminium gives additional benefits in the form of maintenance cost savings, where less painting is required. Brown (1999) mentioned that corrosion protection offered by aluminium is around 100 times slower than structural steel. The excellent corrosion-resistance of aluminium owes its trait to the thin layer of aluminium oxide that forms immediately when the metal is exposed to air, protecting it from external elements. The use of lightweight material like aluminium can also lead to stealth improvement (International Ship Structure Committee, 2012). In a timespan of just over a decade, aluminium high speed vessels have evolved from 30m long vessels that carried passengers and operated in littoral waters, to 120m long vessels that could carry both passengers and vehicles which operated in the open waters. Ship Structure Committee (2012) gave an overview of the prospect of aluminium in naval shipbuilding. Aluminium is a growingly popular metal in the marine industry, typically the naval shipbuilding industry because of the wide range of physical and mechanical properties that can be created through the alloying process. Aluminium can be alloyed with chromium, copper, magnesium, manganese, scandium, silicon, silver, tin, titanium, zinc and zirconium. This wide range of alloying produces different grades of metal each with different properties. Promising properties includes reduction in stress corrosion susceptibility, improving of toughness, strength and hardness, improving of strength without a decrease in ductility, good weldability, increase in tensile strength, elimination of hot cracking in welds, decrease in electrical conductivity and reduction in quench-sensitivity. However, the discrepancy of the material property and behaviour of aluminium was found to vary with different sources (Sielski, 2007). The differences come as a result of different standards used for determining yield strength. Some tests were done using a 50-mm gage length that measures only weld metal and heat-affected zone, and other tests use a 250-mm gage length sample that includes the base metal. Shown in the following is one such example of aluminiums yield strength discrepancy. Table (1), extracted from (Sielski, 2007). 1.2.2 Disadvantages of aluminium as a shipbuilding material Like any other material, aluminium also has its drawbacks. The two most important properties of a material are perhaps its yield strength and modulus of elasticity, a structure will be designed with considerations around the two properties to ensure that it is able to withstand a given load without exceeding certain permissible deflections and stress level, where the stress level is equal to the yield stress divided by a factor of safety. Albeit aluminium alloy has a high strength-to-weight ratio, it is to be noted that for every strong aluminium alloy in terms of yield strength, there is a stronger structural steel available. In terms of Modulus of Elasticity, which is the measure of stiffness of a material, aluminium and steel measures at 69 GPa and 200 GPa respectively. Since aluminiums stiffness is only a third of steel, it will likely be deformed three times more easily than steel if put under high strain. Therefore the use of aluminium alloy is generally only limited to vessels of up to 130 meters in length (Ship Structure Committee, 2008); the longer the vessel the more stiffening is required, until a point of impracticability. The figure below illustrates the undefined yield strength of an aluminium alloy as compared to mild steel. It is important to note that for aluminium, normally 0.2% strain limit or proof stress is used for design purposes. Yield Strength of Steel and Aluminium Figure (1), graph taken from (http://aluminium.matter.org.uk/content/html/eng/default.asp?catid=217pageid=2144417131) Another consideration is the low melting point of aluminium. As a naval vessel will likely be subjected to on-board fire if it comes under attack, the loss of mechanical properties of aluminium when temperature exceeds 200ËÅ ¡C (Ferraris, 2005) is unfavourable. Some classification societies and navies do not permit the use of aluminium for structural applications. While DnV, ABS and RINA permit the use of light alloy and AA5xxx series, Lloyds register does not. Brown (1999) noted that the cost of aluminium is roughly five times the cost of steel. Though it may be feasible to replace structural steel with aluminium alloy in view of the latters weight-saving and corrosion resistance properties, but it might not necessarily be economical. Table (2) Current Methods To determine the applicability of aluminium in naval vessels, it is important to look at the current aluminium technology available. The manufacturing and production process for aluminium is relatively new. Aluminium welding like the FSW process was invented just two decades ago at the Welding Institute in the UK. For aluminium usages to be feasible for large scale production of naval vessels, then the overall productivity must be improved. Such can be achieved through the application of aluminium extrusion and FSW as these methods offer significant cost savings (Collette et al., 2008). The existing studies on the reliability of aluminium stiffened panels can also give a clear idea of some of the impacts of aluminium usage. 1.3.1 Aluminium extrusions Adding to the advantages of using aluminium is its ability to be extruded. Extrusion can allow complex design of stiffeners to be produced which can, if used appropriately; reduce the effect of stresses experienced in the mid-ship region due to hull girder bending. Collette et al. (2008) researched on the ultimate strength and optimization of aluminium extrusions. Extrusion allows a designer to replace conventional welded plates or stiffeners with extruded profiles of varying thicknesses and it can be used on decks and side shells, places with large amount of area for an increase in weight savings. This method effectively reduces the number of welds to be performed and also reduces the complexity of the overall design of the structure. The study examined three different types of extruded stiffeners, the conventional T type, the sandwich type and the hat type for use on board a high-speed vessel. The performance of all three types was found to be similar, and the study concluded that the panel should be selected based on considerations rather than which has the best strength to weight ratio. Such considerations may include cost, ease of construction and material fatigue. In the figure below, the joining of conventional plate to the stiffener requires welding while for the extruded panel, both the plate and stiffener is extruded as a single unit. Sectional view of Aluminium Extrusion panels Figure (2) 1.3.2 MIG and FSW welding To consider the feasibility of using aluminium in shipbuilding, it is important to look at aluminiums weldability. Metal-Inert-Gas (MIG) welding, a subtype of Gas-Metal-Arc-Welding (GMAW) is the earliest form of welding for aluminium plates. In the 1950-60s, further developments gave more versatility which resulted in a highly used industrial process nowadays. Until recently, a new and better method of aluminium welding is invented, namely the Friction-Stir-Welding (FSW). FSW is a new concept of welding where the metal is not melted for the joining process so that the mechanical properties remain unaltered as much as possible. The join between the two plates is then softened for the metal to fuse using mechanical pressure. Kulekci (2010) notes that the FSW increases tensile, impact, and fatigue strength of the welded joint as compared to MIG process. Less hardness change and a narrower heat-affected zone can be expected in the welded material as less heat is produced from the FSW process. Higher heat intensity from the MIG process can damage the mechanical properties of aluminium. By using FSW, production rate and quality will increase and production costs will decrease. Friction-Stir Welding Process Figure (3), pictures from (http://www.fpe.co.uk/processes/friction-stir-welding) 1.3.3 Heat-Affected Zone Mahoney et al. (1998) researched on the FSW process induced Heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the 7075 T-651 aluminium alloy. A series of tensile tests both longitudinal and transverse to the weld produced results that showed the weakest region is at the lower temperature location within 7 to 8mm from the edge of the weld area. While the average weldable aluminium alloy displays a 30 to 60% reduction in yield and ultimate strength, the loss in ultimate strength of FSW aluminium alloy is only around 25% and the yield strength at the HAZ is about 45% less than the base metal. 1.3.4 Strength and reliability in aluminium stiffened panels Benson, Downes and Dow (2009) note that as aluminium alloy is an established structural material in the shipbuilding industry for high speed crafts and naval vessels, the analysis for large high speed craft operating in ocean environments have since developed rigorous methodologies for the evaluation of ultimate strength in the hull girder. The fast increase in capacity and size of aluminium vessels has led to the demand in new engineering tools and solutions to effectively analyse the structural performance of these vessels. One of it could be the analysis on the ultimate and fatigue strength of aluminium stiffened panels. The ultimate and fatigue strength of the panels can be predicted by using the Reliability method, which consists of firstly using limit state equations to determine when the structural member has failed. Secondly, to determine the average value and the collection of random variables distribution in the limit state equation. Then the final step is to estimate the probability of a failure. Collette (2005) researched that in the Stress-life or S-N fatigue approach, the fatigue life of a material is determined by applying continuously a varying load of constant amplitude until a crack is observed. However the main drawback is that it is not able to give feedback on the seriousness or the size of the crack. That is where the Initial-propagation of I-P method proved to be more useful. The main difference between both is that when the crack starts to form in the material, I-P method can estimate the growth using a fracture mechanics model. 1.3.5 All-aluminium naval ship With all the existing technologies and methods available for aluminium shipbuilding, aluminium has the potential to replace steel in the future as the main ship construction material. Lamb and Beavers (2010) studied on the significance of an all-aluminium naval ship. It proposes two types of aluminium frigate, one with a reduced draft, the other an aluminium equivalent of a steel frigate, with identical draft and similar in weight. Aluminium ship with a reduced draft can allow for a reduction of block coefficient, thereby reducing resistance and increasing speed. With a finer hull, less power is required for propulsion, in turn cutting costs during operation. The authors went on to conduct an analysis of steel and aluminium equivalent naval vessel design focusing on the acquisition and ownership costs. The findings showed that an aluminium ship can be constructed with just 7.5% of the cost of an equivalent steel ship even though 50% more labour hours are required for construction of the aluminium ship. The authors highlighted that this is possible due to the overwhelming benefits of aluminiums significantly lighter weight. Aluminium ship was also found to have operational and ownership cost advantages. Furthermore, advancement of aluminium technology in manufacturing process and design methods has closed the gap between steel and aluminium acquisition costs which in some cases, shipyards are producing aluminium structures more cost effectively than equivalent steel structures. 1.3.6 Hull-superstructure interaction One of the important factors to consider when designing a naval vessel is its hull-superstructure interaction. With the aid of structural analysis software MAESTRO, Hughes and Jeom (2010) determined that Hull-Superstructure Interaction is a very complex study that can only be visualised effectively through 3D finite element model, rather than an inadequate beam theory. The vertical center of gravity for any naval vessel is critical, therefore it is important to keep the center of gravity as low as possible, either by reducing the size or using a lighter material in the superstructure. Another important thing to note of Hull-Superstructure Interaction is the superstructure continuity with the ship side. A superstructure will participate substantially in hull girder bending in vertical continuation with the ship sides if the superstructure is long and continuous. It will undergo the same bending radius as the hull. If the superstructure rises from the same plane as that of the ship sides, then the bending will be maximal. To exclude the superstructure from any hull girder bending, it is possible to do so through offsetting it from the side sides. If superstructure is not in line with the ship sides, due to the flexibility of the deck beams, the sides of the superstructure can be subjected to a much larger radius of curvature. In the case of such design, then an intermediate transverse bulkhead must be included in amid-ship for the purpose of terminating excessive cyclic deflections and stresses in the deck structure. The above are especially critical as a design consideration with regards to naval vessels. To further complicate matters; in a naval vessel, the amid-ship portion is used for RAS operation, or Replenishment At Sea. RAS operations are very difficult manoeuvres to execute; and it has to take place in amid-ship due to the heavier pitching motions of the vessel at both ends. In addition to that, RAS operations also require a large open deck area on both sides of the vessel. This means a reduction in the size, or width of the superstructure in amid-ship, precisely the area which experiences the largest hull girder bending. 1.3.7 Fatigue-induced cracking In the case of an aluminium superstructure, the fatigue experienced will be even greater than for an equivalent steel superstructure (Grabovac et al., 1999). The cases of similar Royal Australian Navy FFG-7 class frigates which experienced fatigue-induced cracking in the aluminium superstructure were caused by a combination of applied cyclic stresses and stress concentration interacting with a region of material weakness. This problem of fatigue-induced cracking has surfaced in almost all ships of this class. The vessel has a continuous aluminium superstructure welded atop a steel hull, which is prone to a substantial amount of hull-girder bending (Hughes and Jeom, 2010). This further reflects on how the Hull-Superstructure Interaction can affect a vessel. In the case of their study, composite material is then chosen for repairing of the cracked region by adhesive bonding, which proved to be working later on with subsequent series of assessments. Methodology Lamb and Beavers (2010) introduced three types of ship for their study, the baseline steel, the aluminium reduced draft and the aluminium reduced block coefficient ship for comparison. The aluminium reduced block coefficient has the same draft as the baseline steel ship but its block coefficient is much lower than the other aluminium ship. The authors designed a 10m long mid-ship section of a naval vessel and then derived the scantlings using the ABS High Speed Naval Craft Rules. The scantlings include steel, aluminium and aluminium extrusion. Subsequently, bending moment and stress calculations were performed and the results shown were much less than the design stress of 23.5 t/cm ² for steel and 12.4 t/cm ² for aluminium. Reasons for the huge differences were given that most of the plating is based on allowable minimum thickness rather than that derived from the formulas. 1.4.1 Linear Stress Analysis The structural study in the present paper will adopt the Linear Stress Analysis method. Similar to the work of Lamb and Beavers (2010), the material behaviour in this study will only be looked at in the elastic range. In the Linear Stress Analysis, the stress is assumed to be directly proportional to the strain and the structural deformations are proportional to the load. Shown below is the stress-strain graph of a material, where the limit of proportionality is the limit of the Linear Stress Analysis. Considerations will not be made for the behaviour after the limit of proportionality. Where (C) is the proof stress of the material. Stress-strain graph Figure (4), graph taken from (http://www.sr.bham.ac.uk/xmm/structures3.html) In the case of Non-linear Stress Analysis, problems are solved by applying the load slowly, and then take account of the deflection with each increment. Stresses will be updated with each increment until the full load is applied. A more complex Non-linear FEA requires iterations for equilibrium with each increment; hence it is a computationally expensive approach. 1.5 Discussion Aluminium usage in naval shipbuilding has been increasing steadily over the years as shown in the literature above. Commercial and merchant aluminium vessels were built with different purposes and intentions in mind, some built for an increase in speed, some for more capacity and some simply for costs saving. In the case of naval ships however, they share more similarities. Common objectives would be an increase in speed and payload, if not for a reduction in draft. It is therefore important to understand what different aluminium alloys can offer for different specific function of the ship. Aluminium alloy as mentioned earlier was found to have some discrepancies among various authorities; this might be due to the poor definition of aluminiums yield strength due to the nature of its properties. Nonetheless, aluminiums yield strength will be taken as 0.2% of its strain limit. Designing an all-aluminium vessel of a 130m in length is an inherently complex task, and the strongest design, most up-to-date methods of production and manufacturing must be adopted to reduce the risk of a structural failure. Due to the nature of the method employed in this paper, where a standard steel hull will be replaced by an aluminium equivalent, it is important to consider the application of aluminium extrusion as a more effective way to increase the stiffness of the hull to ensure no deformation takes place prematurely. As fatigue-induced stresses was found on almost all of the FFG-7 class frigates, there is a need to study the hull-superstructure interaction of the vessel and understand the effects if applied on an all-aluminium vessel. Among the past studies, few have made comparison between a steel ship and an aluminium ship. One notable work is from Lamb and Beavers (2010), which based their calculations on a hypothesised frigate. This present paper differentiates from that in a way that it looks at the differences between the two materials if used on an existing vessel. For a ship that already has an optimum hull form, and re-designing it would be irrelevant due to specific mission capabilities, it will be useful to adopt this approach. Another way to look at it is that certain navies might prefer to build an aluminium equivalent of a steel Off-the-Shelf (OTS) ship like the FFG-7 which has proven to be a cheap and seaworthy ship, than to completely redesign an entire vessel. The design process of a new naval vessel can take up to several years. Apart from that, the past research of the all-aluminium ship with its cost and feasibility study was found to be outdated and non-applicable to the present year. The present research will provide an up to date costs comparison between steel and aluminium, inclusive of costs incurred in the welding process, and with the additional consideration for aluminium extrusions. Also critical will be the consideration of the various methods of welding. It is important to note that there are limitations within this feasibility study. The Linear Stress Analysis method adopted is only accurate to a certain extent and Non-linear Stress Analysis method should be adopted for any future work in this topic. Also, there are considerations which will not be covered in this feasibility study. Factors such as the lack of infrastructure for aluminium naval shipbuilding in terms of aluminium workshops and supply of aluminium panels will not be considered. Limitations may also include the lack of skilled workers and expertise in aluminium manufacturing and ship production. 1.6 Aims and Objectives In short, the purpose of this paper is to study the feasibility of using aluminium as a naval shipbuilding material. To achieve that, it is necessary to include the common shipbuilding material, steel, for comparison. This paper aims to give a clearer comparison, in terms of designs, methods used, costs incurred and production time of the two ships. The US Navy FFG-7 class frigate will be used as a base ship. Designed in the mid-1970s by Bath Iron Works and partner Gibbs Cox, FFG-7 frigate is intended to serve as an inexpensive escort ship. Its area of operations includes protecting merchant convoys, replenish groups, landing forces, submarines and carrier battle groups; also performing anti-submarine warfare or surface action. The frigate has a steel hull with an aluminium superstructure intended for weight saving. The overall bending stress characteristics in the mid-ship section of the frigate will be presented through load, buoyancy, shear force and bending moment calculations; one with steel hull and the other, a hypothesised aluminium hull of the same dimensions. Essentially, constraining the dimensions of the hull for an aluminium equivalent will result in an increase in plate thickness due to the reduction in the section moduli of aluminium. An alternative could be the increase in the number of stiffeners to be used and ultimately, the final design of the aluminium equivalent mid-ship section should include both methods for a section modulus increment. The results produced should show that an aluminium hull would still be sufficient in terms of section modulus to keep the maximum bending stress values under the design stress of the frigate, at 131.75 N/mm ² (Ship Structure Committee, 2002). All calculations in the present structural analysis will be based upon the linear elastic region of the materials only. Through the study on a mid-ship section, it can provide an idea of the stress characteristics of the entire vessel as the maximum bending moment will usually takes place in that region. Finite Element Analysis software MAESTRO will be used to model a mid-ship section of the naval vessel and give a better understanding of the structural stresses acting on the aluminium hull. The paper will go on further to present the costs relating to the two ships, in terms of acquisition, productivity and ownership of the vessels with respect to the current steel and aluminium prices. The results from the study will be analysed and discussed, after that the conclusion will be drawn accordingly.

The Secret to Happiness-Counseling Psychology

Money and Happiness: The Problems of Understanding its Dynamic Relationship The want of money is the root of all evil. – Samuel Butler- Our society holds a taboo when it comes to explicitly speaking of the desire for money. However, at the same time our behaviors implicitly show us the extent of this desire. Many people spend much time analyzing the stock market for their next bid, millions of people buy lottery tickets looking for their big break, and many people fight with their siblings over their dead parents’ fortune. And the reason we so desperately pursue the accumulation of wealth is because we believe in its positive influence. We believe it will change our lives into a better one. We think it will make us happier. (Campbell, 1981) However, this is an issue still in question and an important one especially for counseling psychology. In this field, the relationship between money and life satisfaction is essential due to its relevance to career counseling. Considering that a jobs’ financial reward and hence its socioeconomic status is influential in career orientation for some people, the clarification of such relationship becomes crucial. And in accord to the importance of this issue, there has been abundant research relating to it. However, the results seem to be mixed and confusing. The purpose of this paper is to point out the shortcomings of previous works on this issue and additionally, to provide a new scope into which will be a guide for further research on this issue. Problems in samples and variables Previous studies have attempted to see if money increases happiness by looking into the lives of those who have a lot of money. But some of these studies seem to have missed out on a vital factor, sample size. In a study of some of the wealthiest people in the United States, Diener et al. (1985) found the happiness levels of these people to be only slightly above average than that of people with regular incomes. However, the sample size for this study was only 49. Also, Brickman et al. (1978) found that lottery winners were not happier than controls even after their sudden fortune. But his research contained only 22 lottery winners as participants. In both cases the sample size was much too small to make a general rule out of their research. There could have been plenty of other happier wealthy people who are on the Forbes 500 list or won the lottery but did not participate in the study. So it seems obvious that in future studies, the sample size should be enlarged as much as possible. This would be easier nowadays due to the increased number of millionaires and billionaires in general and quicker access to them through e-mail. Sometimes researchers seem to have failed to fully analyze the variables they used in their research. In a more recent study, researchers found that income increase over the course of 10 years had only a small positive impact on happiness (North et al. , 2008). This time the size of the sample was relatively large by 274, but certain variables within this sample diminished the implication of this study. Apart from the sample being from a concentrated area (San Francisco Bay area) and being mostly consisted of Caucasians (89%), the researchers have not fully analyzed the spending patterns of the samples’ income. They simply tried to correlate the total income with other variables such as happiness. But considering the possible fluctuations of expenditure during the course of 10 years, for example, due to emergencies or children’s college tuitions, the net worth of the increased income could have been no different during those 10 years. According to other research, having a strong sense of control over ones financial state can be linked to greater overall satisfaction and that strong sense of control is possible if there is sufficient net worth of income (Cummins, 2000). So without knowing whether the participants had sufficient net worth it would be somewhat misleading say that more income does not contribute to more happiness. Mixed Results The researches shown above are only a few of many that touch upon this issue of money and happiness. And due to many variables that complicate the relationship of the two, there have been plenty of mixed results. It has been shown that happiness is strongly correlated with increasing income at poverty levels (Diener & Biswas-Diener, 2002) whereas once income exceeds that level and basic needs are met, money matters only a little (Myers, 2000). On the other hand, there has been research that money generates opportunities for individuals to make better decisions that allow them to improve their well-being (Schwartz, 2004). But then again, more money seems to open possibilities for negative events in life such as divorce (Clydesdale, 1997). What all these findings and many others lead us to conclude is the old adage: â€Å"Money isn’t everything. † Considering Other Variables But knowing just that would not be fruitful. So in response to this unsurprising insight there have been many attempts to clarify the variables in which allow the correlation between money and well-being to be more clear. In one study, Johnson and Krueger (2006) collected a nationwide sample of 719 twin pairs in the United States. The researchers have demonstrated, through methods of self-report surveys, that an individual’s actual available money explained only about 10% of people’s perceptions of financial well-being, proving the old adage. Along with this finding they showed that perceived financial situation and perceived control over various life domains mediate the relationship between wealth and life satisfaction. In other words, those who believed that they have more control over their financial state and/or those who perceived their financial state in a positive light were happier with regard to how much money they had. This research is meaningful in that it tried to connect relative psychological factors that take crucial part in this issue of money and happiness. However this research is qualified in terms of understanding the question â€Å"Will earning more money make us happy? The main defect it has is that, because their study was not based on longitudinal data it does not show whether more money now than before effects happiness. It focused more on the effect of money on people’s well-being at a fixed time. Research Questions Considering that psychological factors can have a significant contribution to life satisfaction concerning money, an attractive research question would be whether increased income and the ability to perceive change, or retrospect, one’s socioeconom ic status have an impact on life satisfaction. One can assume that if an individual can clearly perceive how much better oneself is doing than before then that person might feel happier than someone who does not see that upward change. But one major factor these studies mentioned above miss out on is personal desire and values. So it would be also interesting to find out if people with different values or desires have different affects by increasing incomes. More specifically, finding out whether people who peg certain emotional rewards to the cquisition of material goods, and hence are extrinsically motivated, are more likely to become happier as their income increases would be a relevant research question. It would be recommendable for both research questions to be done by longitudinal studies. Conclusion This paper has looked into researches concerning money and happiness. This theme was found to be important not only because it concerns our modern life perception about happiness but also because this perception is a crucial e lement in making career plans for one’s life. Current research has shown problems with sampling and choosing the right variables. Some studies proved to be fruitful in that it factored in relevant psychological concepts that would mediate satisfaction regarding money. Also, it turns out that longitudinal studies are much more informative in knowing the effects of income change on well-being. The research question provided by this paper is relevant to current issues of this topic and to career counseling because it would clarify elements such as ability of retrospection and motivation types to be predictors of subjective well-being with regard to one’s income.

Human Relationships Essay

Writers use many subtle things to develop many themes of their novels. The relationships a person has with individuals around him affects the way other people think about him. In the book One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, Russian writer Alexander Solzhenitsyn uses human relationships to ignite certain emotions within the reader towards certain characters. These emotions occur each time the character appears and this is used by the reader to judge the character by the types of relationships he has. By the end of the book, these feelings have developed and support the theme of existentialism in the novel. Human relationships between the prisoners and the people ‘outside’ give the reader automatic first impressions of the characters in the book. Mainly, the packages sent in by these people ‘outside’ show that the prisoners have someone who cares for them. Packages are seen as a luxury item by the prisoners and one of the main things mentioned during character introductions is whether the characters receive packages or not. This one fact changes the way the reader views the character. If the prisoner receives no packages from home, the reader feels pity for the characters and feels the isolation that these camps are designed to maintain. On the other hand, if the prisoners do receive regular packages, they are viewed with the same eye as privileged individuals of high society. This is important to keep the overall mood of the novel constant because any sudden surprises which cause any sort of excitement may ruin the bleak atmosphere of the novel. Sudden surprises include a character doing something which may be considered foolish in the camp. One example of this is when Caesar says to Shukov, â€Å"You keep it, Ivan Denisovich† (Solzhenitsyn, 179) when Shukov brings him his bread. The foolish notion of giving away food is immediately dissipated in the mind of the reader when Caesar’s package is cleverly intertwined in to the text as â€Å"fancy stuff† (Solzhenitsyn, 179) a few lines later. Another example of the reader’s impression being manipulated is Fetyukov. By the time Shukov mentions that Fetyukov â€Å"had three children ‘outside’ but they’d all disowned him when he was arrested†¦ so there was no one to send him things† (Solzhenitsyn, 56), Fetyukov’s actions have created the impression of a runt with no pride who only wishes to pass his sentence with as much comfort as possible. However, when the sentence is mentioned, understanding floods the reader’s mind and the reader is forced to go back and think about what Fetyukov must be thinking when he scavenges things from the prisoners and the reader considers it justified for Fetyukov to act this way.

The Cold War Essay Example

The Cold War Essay Example The Cold War Paper The Cold War Paper COLD WAR by YCW-CRUZ Management The Cold War , it was an open yet restricted rivalry that developed after World War IIbetween the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies.The Cold War was waged on political, economic, and propaganda fronts and had only limited recourse to weapons.The term was used by an American financier and presidential adviser Bernard Baruchduring a congressional debate in 1947. Following the surrender of Nazi Germany in May 1945 near the close of WWII, the uneasy wartime alliance between the United States and Great Britain on the other hand and the Soviet Union on the other began to unravel.By 1948 the Soviets had installed leftwing governments in the countries of Eastern Europe that had been liberated by the Red Army , and the United States and Britain had responded by ending reparations to the Soviet Union from zones of Germany that those two powers occupied. The Americans and the British feared the permanent Soviet domination of Eastern Europe and the threat of Soviet- influenced communist parties coming to power in the democracies of Western Europe and elsewhere; the Soviets, on the other hand, were determined to maintain control of Eastern Europe in order to safe guard against any possible renewed threat from Germany, and they were intent on spreading communismand the Soviet system worldwide, largely for ideological reasons. The Cold War had solidified by 1947-48, when U.S. aid provided under Marshall Planto Western Europe had brought those countries under American influence and the Soviets had installed openly communist regimes in the Eastern European nations that they controlled. The Cold War reached its peak in 1948-53.In this period the Soviets unsuccessfully blockaded the western-held sectors of West Berlin (1948-49); the United States and its European allies formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO) , a unified military command to re

Free Essays on Career Expositions

Career Expo Summary The Florida A & M University’s Career Expo offered numerous opportunities to the students that attended this Spring. There were many companies who participated in the expo from all over the country. When I first entered he building a police officer approached me about having a career in law enforcement. At that moment all of my nervousness and jitters vanished. My first stop was the booth occupied by Aflac insurance. I was greeted by Ms. Miriam Watkins, who was the project coordinator. She informed me about the purpose of the company and she accepted my resume. My next visit was to Liberty Mutual where I met with two representative who talked with me for a while and they just gave me a card to go online and look at the job description. After that visit I went to Cardinal Health and talked to the representative about their internships positions. The representative that was present had no information about their possible internship positions and that kind of spoiled the mood but he informed me that he would pass my resume along. After that visit, it seemed as if all the other companies were not really looking for students with my educational area. They mainly wanted general business majors or either engineering majors so I ended my day there. I really enjoyed the experience I encountered at the career expo and even though their weren’t many opportunities for me there, I am looking forward to the next one.... Free Essays on Career Expositions Free Essays on Career Expositions Career Expo Summary The Florida A & M University’s Career Expo offered numerous opportunities to the students that attended this Spring. There were many companies who participated in the expo from all over the country. When I first entered he building a police officer approached me about having a career in law enforcement. At that moment all of my nervousness and jitters vanished. My first stop was the booth occupied by Aflac insurance. I was greeted by Ms. Miriam Watkins, who was the project coordinator. She informed me about the purpose of the company and she accepted my resume. My next visit was to Liberty Mutual where I met with two representative who talked with me for a while and they just gave me a card to go online and look at the job description. After that visit I went to Cardinal Health and talked to the representative about their internships positions. The representative that was present had no information about their possible internship positions and that kind of spoiled the mood but he informed me that he would pass my resume along. After that visit, it seemed as if all the other companies were not really looking for students with my educational area. They mainly wanted general business majors or either engineering majors so I ended my day there. I really enjoyed the experience I encountered at the career expo and even though their weren’t many opportunities for me there, I am looking forward to the next one....

Referencing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Referencing - Essay Example Secondly, points of view also vary greatly within a given piece of written work. While some points of view agree within a given subject matter, others disagree in one way or another. In this respect, referencing comes in to cite differences between points of view. The third reason why references are used in writing is to strengthen a study. Past research that leads up to current technical or academic writing enhances the topic of study. Here, referencing captures previous research findings or outcomes that are relevant to the insights the writer wants to present. Finally, referencing is used to direct readers to the original source of cited information. Readers may want to refer to the original source following the contents of technical or academic writing. Referencing, therefore, acts as the bridge between readers and the main source of cited information. Technical writing is critical to the success of an engineer. In technical writing, engineers reference in various areas and for different reasons. The first area where engineers use referencing in technical writing is in defining terms used in product descriptions. Products designed by engineers often carry terms that are difficult for the layman level of understanding. For this reason, engineers need to define all terms that are not commonly used in day-to-day language. In the process, they may need to reference the source of such definitions or acknowledge the original text from which information is derived. Technical reports constitute the second area where engineers use referencing. Before an engineering project is approved for implementation, series of tests could be conducted and the results computed. These tests and result computations are followed by a professional report to the relevant personnel. To prove the validity and the credibility of such reports, engineers need to cite the different methods, analysis, and procedures employed in the testing process. This may

US Democracy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

US Democracy - Essay Example Fitting the above description of democracy the government of the United States of America in a fully democratic nation that forms exemplary example for other governments in the world Many factors make the US a democratic country. First, United States treats all its citizens equally as they are all equal before the law and in decisions making. The government discourages all forms of discrimination that result to people getting different treatment. In this, similar laws govern all the citizens equally and no single is above the legislation of the nation. Either, the constitution allows the people to choose their leaders after every four years in the exercise of their democratic right to vote. In this also, citizens are equal with one citizen with one vote. Besides, the form of governorship provides the citizens with freedom of expression and all other rights as expressed in the bill of rights. The government does not limit the individuals past the limitation of the established constitution making the type of government depicted in the US to be a democratic state system. Furthermore, the government has the government arms that represent those in the Democratic stat ues like the constitution and the parliament. In and democratic system the sovereignty of people is the power over in the rule of law. Since people make the government, the citizen in a democratic country are superior, and it limits the government. Therefore, limited government is a partisan concept in a democratic nation where citizenship has the authority to influence the rule of law while smothering the government.This concept places more power in the lower systems like the state governments, local governments and citizens to access and participate in crucial events. This model seeks to provide the citizens with more authority in the market share thus giving the greater opportunity to

How does college experience affect future experiences Essay

How does college experience affect future experiences - Essay Example Students learn to listen and pass their ideas articulately with good communication skills. In order to score good grades, students must be committed to attending all the classes. This is also true at the workplace. Employees are expected to be at their work place every day with few off days. Results are what matters in colleges in spite of how hard one works. At the workplace employees are also expected to deliver on their targets without excuses. Time keeping is a critical factor in our college lives. Both in college and workplace we are required to observe time and be punctual always. (Staley & Staley, 2012) observes that students should be able to exhibit the work ethic they had in college in their work life. The way they worked hard to achieve good grades should be the same way they will strive in their work places to meet the standards set by the organization. Most students have at one point been given a group work assignment. This experience prepares them to work in committees in future. They are also expected to be good team players from the experience they gain through the group work. In college students meet others from different races and cultural backgrounds. This enables them to appreciate and co-exist peaceful with other people from different backgrounds in their future endeavors. It helps them develop socially and intellectually. The extra co-curricular activities students participate in help in drilling discipline and enhancing self esteem. It also develops students socially since they interact with many people. Students are also thought to obey rules which in turn them into responsible citizens once they grow up. The values and characters developed in college can have a huge influence on success in the professional life. As (Staley & Staley, 2012) summarizes it â€Å"Thanks to having gone to college, you can begin your career with ready-to-go professional

Information Systems Essay Example for Free

Information Systems Essay An information system (IS) collects, processes, stores, analyzes, and disseminates information for a specific purpose. Like any other system, an information system includes inputs (data, instructions) and outputs (reports, calculations). It processes the inputs by using technology such as PCs and produces outputs that are sent to users or to other systems via electronic networks and a feedback mechanism that controls the operation. Information systems generally are classified into five categories: office information systems, transaction processing systems, management information systems, decision support systems, and expert systems. McD Information system There are many types of information systems used in McDonalds such as : Transaction Processing System (TPS) First transaction happens when two people make an exchange, and collecting data about it called transaction processing, so transaction processing is collecting, storing, modifying, and retrieving the transactions of an organization. Transaction system is important to answer routine questions, and it helps to conduct business such as payroll, employee record keeping or paying an employee. Its important to store the data of the transaction save and protected because transaction generally involves an exchange of money which is critical to any organization. How Transaction Processing System is implementing in McDonalds? McDonalds everyday sells a huge amount of hamburgers ,so McDonalds should order raw material from its supplier , each time McDonalds place an order with its supplier , a transaction happens , and the transaction processing system records the relevant information such as supplier ‘name , address , the quality of the items purchased and finally the invoice amount. Decision support system (DSS) Decision support system is used to model data and make quality decision based on the data , making the right decision is usually based on the quality of the data and ones ability to analyze the data , Decision Support Systems are usually computer applications with a human component. They can sift through large amounts of data and pick between the many choices and supports the non – routine decision. How decision support system implemented in McDonalds? At first McDonalds began as a small restaurant, selling foods to customers , the business expanded slowly ,then McDonalds analyze the market well to come with opportunity, as we know we live in the time of technology , so McDonalds thought of providing wireless services , so the company gather information about the customer usage of wireless services , length of stay and sales level , then the decision support system analyze the data to come up with the decision of providing wireless service in their restaurant. Management Information Systems (MIS) Management information system is a system that provides information needed to manage organizations effectively. Management information systems involve three primary resources: technology, information, and people, and the most important resource is people, the information that we get supports the routine decision making in the functional areas How Management Information System is implemented in McDonalds? In McDonalds they implement MIS system which is used to produce periodic reports such as a daily list of employees and the hours they work, or a monthly report of expenses as compared to a budget. McDonalds used MIS because the purpose of MIS is to provide profitability and information to help managers and staff understand the business performance and plan its future direction.

Yukio Mishimas The Sailor Who Fell from Grace with the Sea - Existent

Yukio Mishima's The Sailor Who Fell from Grace with the Sea -   Existentialist Views On Death    Cultures all over the world have different convictions surrounding the final, inevitable end for all humans - death. In the United States, and in most Westernized cultures we tend to view death as something that can be avoided through the use of medicine, artificial respiration machines, and the like. To us, death is not a simple passing, and usually, we do not accept it as a normal part of life. Death, to Westernized folk, is not celebrated, but is rather something to be feared, something that haunts us all in the back of our minds. However, this mentality is not held through all cultures -- in Mishima's The Sailor, a Japanese novel steeped in traditional Eastern values, death is a very proud, honorable part of life. Its inevitability is accepted and, at many times, even celebrated and brou~ht about willingly. Throughout existentialist literature, the belief is held true that death, in and of itself, is a most crucial determinant of life's meaning, or in this case meaninglessne ss. This is what Noboru and his gang attempt to construct through causing the death of the kitten, and more importantly, of Ryuji. Throughout the Sailor, our Western convictions concerning death are brutally challenged. Death, in the Sailor, was something to be proud of, something to look forward to. Our first look at death is through the eyes of a child, our absurdist hero, Noboru. He, with his gang, proceeds to kill a kitten with his gang, an attempt to find meaning in what they believed to be a meaningless, fleeting existence. "How are we going to do it?" he asked. After he killed the kitten, and the boys performed a type of twisted surgery on the corpse, ... ... end, if Ryuji had remained an "authentic person" and died as he wanted to, in a glorious death on the sea, he would not have been killed by a gang of young boys. Throughout existentialist literature, the belief is held true that death, in and of itself, is a most crucial determinant of life's meaning, or in this case, meaninglessness. With Ryuji's death, the boys attempt to find meaning, but instead, they find revenge against Ryuji for the cnme he committed - against himself. Bibliography 1. Heuscher, Julius E., M.D. Existential Crisis, Death, and Changing "World Designs" in Myths and Fairy Tales," The Journal of Existentialism, 1966. 2. Heuscher, J. Existentialism. Vol V., N. 20, p. 371, 1965. 3. Feifel, H., ed "The Meaning of Death." Mc-Graw Hill Publications, 1959. 4. Grimm, J. and W., Grimms' Fairy Tales. Ch. Thomas., Publ. Springfield, Ill., 1988.    Yukio Mishima's The Sailor Who Fell from Grace with the Sea -   Existent Yukio Mishima's The Sailor Who Fell from Grace with the Sea -   Existentialist Views On Death    Cultures all over the world have different convictions surrounding the final, inevitable end for all humans - death. In the United States, and in most Westernized cultures we tend to view death as something that can be avoided through the use of medicine, artificial respiration machines, and the like. To us, death is not a simple passing, and usually, we do not accept it as a normal part of life. Death, to Westernized folk, is not celebrated, but is rather something to be feared, something that haunts us all in the back of our minds. However, this mentality is not held through all cultures -- in Mishima's The Sailor, a Japanese novel steeped in traditional Eastern values, death is a very proud, honorable part of life. Its inevitability is accepted and, at many times, even celebrated and brou~ht about willingly. Throughout existentialist literature, the belief is held true that death, in and of itself, is a most crucial determinant of life's meaning, or in this case meaninglessne ss. This is what Noboru and his gang attempt to construct through causing the death of the kitten, and more importantly, of Ryuji. Throughout the Sailor, our Western convictions concerning death are brutally challenged. Death, in the Sailor, was something to be proud of, something to look forward to. Our first look at death is through the eyes of a child, our absurdist hero, Noboru. He, with his gang, proceeds to kill a kitten with his gang, an attempt to find meaning in what they believed to be a meaningless, fleeting existence. "How are we going to do it?" he asked. After he killed the kitten, and the boys performed a type of twisted surgery on the corpse, ... ... end, if Ryuji had remained an "authentic person" and died as he wanted to, in a glorious death on the sea, he would not have been killed by a gang of young boys. Throughout existentialist literature, the belief is held true that death, in and of itself, is a most crucial determinant of life's meaning, or in this case, meaninglessness. With Ryuji's death, the boys attempt to find meaning, but instead, they find revenge against Ryuji for the cnme he committed - against himself. Bibliography 1. Heuscher, Julius E., M.D. Existential Crisis, Death, and Changing "World Designs" in Myths and Fairy Tales," The Journal of Existentialism, 1966. 2. Heuscher, J. Existentialism. Vol V., N. 20, p. 371, 1965. 3. Feifel, H., ed "The Meaning of Death." Mc-Graw Hill Publications, 1959. 4. Grimm, J. and W., Grimms' Fairy Tales. Ch. Thomas., Publ. Springfield, Ill., 1988.